Unit 2 — Iqbal's Message to Youth

Complete Solved Exercises

Textbook: English 9, KP Textbook Board — Unit 2, pp.12–23
Theme: Patriotism
Grammar: Pronouns — relative, indefinite, pronoun-antecedent agreement, anaphoric & cataphoric reference
Writing: Paragraph writing, summary of lesson with the help of mind-map, translation

COMPREHENSION (pp.16–17)

A. Answer the following questions

1. How is the youth standard bearer of a nation?
The young generation is the standard bearer of any nation because the whole future of the nation rests upon it. If the energy of the youth is channelled in the proper direction, it can bring a sea change in the social, political and economic fabric of the nation. Young people have strength, enthusiasm and creative power; they are the ones who will lead the country tomorrow. That is why Iqbal declared the youth a symbol of hope and the future of the nation, and focussed on their creative energy in his poetry.

2. According to Iqbal, how can the youth change themselves?
According to Iqbal, the youth can change themselves by developing Khudi (selfhood) and Ishq (a creative and dynamic energy of perpetual struggle). Iqbal says "Know thyself and success shall be thine." When a young person recognises his own worth and becomes the emperor of himself, he can lead the world in his own direction. The youth must acquire the qualities of the Shaheen (eagle) — flying high, exploring new worlds, and never being contented with what has already been achieved. They must be men of action rather than thinking Hamlets, and must pursue their intellectual and spiritual goals and then continue their journey beyond those goals.

3. Read the 3rd paragraph and write down the key idea.
The key idea of the third paragraph is that Iqbal's Naujawan is a Man of Khudi. Iqbal's youth is a Mard-e-Momin, a Mujahid and a Shaheen — an explorer, an adventurer and a seer whose aim is to go higher and deeper like the eagle to explore new worlds in the uncharted waters of creativity and intellectual pursuit. He is a strong believer in Ishq, a creative and dynamic energy which helps him to discover and subdue new stars of originality and individuality. The absolute Khudi is infinitely creative: if man becomes the emperor of himself, he can lead the world in his own direction and find with his sagacity the pearl of the future for the coming generation.

4. What is the main idea of the lesson?
The main idea of the lesson is that the youth are the real strength, hope and future of a nation, and Iqbal wished to awaken in them the spirit of Khudi, Ishq, innovation and endless struggle. Iqbal wanted to set a higher benchmark for the new generation. He wanted them to be men of action — dynamic, creative, self-reliant and pure in head and heart — so that they might lead the Muslim Ummah out of subjugation to the height of self-sufficiency and independence. If the young generation contributes to the progress and prosperity of the Ummah, the day is not far off when the whole Muslim community will rise as a mighty power which no nation of the world will be able to subdue.

5. According to Iqbal, the youth shouldn't confine to material achievement. Express your view on this statement.
I fully agree with this statement. Iqbal says that the life of his youth is dynamic and is not confined to limited material achievement and the enjoyment of it; instead, the youth enjoys the creative journey of exploration, discovery, invention and innovation. In my view this is entirely correct. If a young person makes wealth and comfort his only goal, his ambition dies as soon as he has earned enough, and he stops growing. But if he seeks knowledge, truth and service to humanity, his journey never ends, because "there are worlds beyond the stars." Material things are only a means of living; they are not the purpose of life. History shows that the people who changed the world — scientists, reformers and thinkers — were driven by ideals, not by money. Therefore the youth should certainly aim higher than material gain.

B. Choose the correct answer

C. Use the following words in sentences of your own

VOCABULARY — Prefix and Suffix (pp.18–19)

A prefix is a set of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning (happy → unhappy).
A suffix is a set of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning (happy → happiness).

A. Complete the sentences by writing the correct prefix

Prefixes available: dis–, in–, mis–, re–, un–

B. Complete the words by using the suffixes from the list

Suffixes available: -ness, -able, -ment, -ful, -less

Suffix reference table (as given in the book)

WRITING (pp.19–20)

Discuss Iqbal's youth with reference to today's Pakistani youth (at least 100 words)

Iqbal's ideal youth is a Shaheen — self-reliant, dynamic, pure in head and heart, and never contented with what he has already achieved. He is a man of action, mild in speech but enthusiastic in deed, whose aim is to soar from one discovered star to another. When we compare this ideal with today's Pakistani youth, the picture is mixed. On the one hand, our young people have proved their worth in every field: they win international competitions in science and technology, they serve bravely in the armed forces, and our young sportsmen have brought honour to the country. On the other hand, a large number of them waste their precious hours on mobile phones and social media, and many lack a clear goal in life. Unemployment and a weak education system have also discouraged them. What our youth needs today is exactly what Iqbal prescribed — Khudi, or self-recognition, and Ishq, the passion of perpetual struggle. If our young generation recognises its own worth, sets higher goals than material comfort, and works with determination, Pakistan can soon take its rightful place among the great nations of the world.

D. Look at the mind-map and describe youth from Iqbal's perspective

Mind-map branches: representative of the nation · pure in head and heart · enthusiastic in action · optimistic person · have the best knowledge

Youth in the eyes of Iqbal

Iqbal saw the youth as the true representative of the nation, for the honour and future of a country rest upon its young generation. In his view a young man must be pure in head and heart — clean in thought and sincere in feeling — whether he stands on the battlefield or sits in the company of friends. Iqbal's Naujawan is enthusiastic in action; he is not a thinking Hamlet who wastes time in hesitation, but a man of action who is mild in speech and eager in deed. He is also an optimistic person, a Shaheen who believes that there are worlds beyond the stars and who therefore never despairs. Finally, Iqbal wanted his youth to have the best knowledge, because only knowledge joined with Khudi and Ishq can enable them to explore new worlds and lead the Ummah to self-sufficiency and independence.

E. Translate the following passage from English into Urdu

English: "These are the views of Iqbal about the youth of the nation. Iqbal wants to set higher benchmark for the new generation. He wants to inculcate in them the spirit of innovation and discovery, because youth are to lead and take the nation to the height of self-determination and independence. The youth of Iqbal is not a thinking Hamlet but a man of action, mild in speech but enthusiastic in action, whether he is in the battlefield or in the company of friends, he is pure in head and heart."

Urdu translation:

یہ قوم کے نوجوانوں کے بارے میں اقبال کے خیالات ہیں۔ اقبال نئی نسل کے لیے بلند تر معیار مقرر کرنا چاہتے ہیں۔ وہ اُن میں جدت اور دریافت کا جذبہ پیدا کرنا چاہتے ہیں، کیونکہ نوجوانوں ہی نے قیادت کرنی ہے اور قوم کو خودارادیت اور آزادی کی بلندی تک لے جانا ہے۔ اقبال کا نوجوان سوچنے والا ہیملٹ نہیں بلکہ عمل کا آدمی ہے، گفتگو میں نرم مگر عمل میں پُرجوش؛ خواہ وہ میدانِ جنگ میں ہو یا دوستوں کی محفل میں، وہ دل و دماغ کا پاک باز ہے۔

LISTENING & SPEAKING (p.20)

1. Recite a poem of Allama Muhammad Iqbal in front of the class.

Suggested pieces: "Lab pe aati hai dua ban ke tamanna meri", "Tu Shaheen hai, parwaz hai kaam tera", or the couplet quoted in the lesson — "Muhabbat mujhe un jawanon se hai / Sitaron pe jo daalte hain kamand."

1. Share in groups: Allama Iqbal as the dreamer of Pakistan.

Points for discussion: his Allahabad Address of 1930, in which he first presented the idea of a separate Muslim state in north-western India; his correspondence with the Quaid-e-Azam urging him to lead the Muslims; his poetry which awakened Muslim self-respect; and the fact that although he died in 1938, nine years before Pakistan came into being, the country was built on the dream he had seen.

GRAMMAR — PRONOUNS (pp.21–23)

A. Choose the appropriate options to complete the sentences

⚠ Note on Q2: the correct form is "a relative of his" (possessive pronoun), not "a relative of him." This "double possessive" pattern — a friend of mine, a book of hers — is a common exam trap.

B. Fill in the blanks with who / whom / that / which / when / where / whose / why

⚠ Two corrections worth teaching:

• Q1 takes that or which, not when. When refers to time, but a shop is a thing.
• Q5: because the sentence already ends with the preposition in, the blank must be which or that — "the town which you were born in." If you use where, the in must be dropped: "the town where you were born." Using both where and in together is incorrect.

C. Put the following indefinite pronouns into the correct blanks

Word bank: anywhere, anyone, something, everyone, nothing, somewhere, someone, anything, everything

D. Underline the pronoun in each sentence and circle the antecedent it refers to

Teacher's guideline (from the book): an antecedent is the word for which a pronoun stands. The pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number — a singular pronoun replaces a singular noun, and a plural pronoun replaces a plural noun.

E. Underline the references used in the last paragraph of the lesson and specify whether each is cataphoric or anaphoric

Last paragraph of the lesson:

"It can be concluded that youth was the main focus of Iqbal. He declares youth a symbol of hope and future of the nation. If young generation is ready to contribute to the progress and prosperity of the Umma, the day is not far off when the whole Muslim community will rise as mighty power which no nation of the world will be able to subdue."

Definitions to memorise

• Anaphoric reference — a word refers back to an idea already introduced earlier in the text.

Example: I went out with Jameela on Sunday. She looked confused. (She → back to Jameela)

• Cataphoric reference — a word refers forward to something introduced later, so you must look ahead to understand it.

Example: When he arrived, Ashraf noticed that the door was open. (he → forward to Ashraf)

GLOSSARY (p.16 — as given in the book)

Key Iqbalian terms explained

LIKELY EXAM QUESTIONS

1. How is the youth the standard bearer of a nation?
2. According to Iqbal, how can the youth change themselves?
3. What is meant by Khudi? Explain "Know thyself and success shall be thine."
4. Why does Iqbal compare his ideal youth to a Shaheen (eagle)?
5. Why is Iqbal's youth called "not a thinking Hamlet but a man of action"?
6. What is the main idea of the lesson?
7. Write a paragraph on Iqbal's youth with reference to today's Pakistani youth.
8. Describe youth from Iqbal's perspective with the help of the mind-map.
9. Translate the given passage into Urdu.
10. Define relative and indefinite pronouns with examples. Distinguish between anaphoric and cataphoric reference.